Core benchmark: steering

This page presents benchmark results for the steering problem across different platforms and configurations.

Note

The linear solver is MUMPS for CPU experiments and CUDSS for GPU experiments.

Ubuntu Latest CPU

This benchmark suite evaluates optimal control problems on a standard CPU platform using GitHub Actions runners.

⚙️ Configuration

  • Problems: balanced_field, beam, brachistochrone, bryson_denham, chain, dielectrophoretic_particle, double_oscillator, ducted_fan, electric_vehicle, glider, insurance, jackson, mountain_car, robbins, robot, rocket, space_shuttle, steering, vanderpol

  • Solvers: ipopt, madnlp

  • Models: adnlp, exa, jump

  • Grid sizes: 200, 500, 1000 discretization points

  • Discretization: trapeze method

  • Tolerance: 1.0e-8

  • Ipopt strategy: adaptive barrier parameter

  • Limits: 1000 iterations max, 500.0s wall time

🖥️ Environment

📅 Timestamp     : 2026-03-11 14:47:54 UTC
🔧 Julia version : 1.12.5
💻 OS            : Linux
🖥️ Machine       : runnervm0kj6c

You can download the exact environment used for this benchmark:

These files allow you to reproduce the benchmark environment and results exactly.

Julia Version 1.12.5
Commit 5fe89b8ddc1 (2026-02-09 16:05 UTC)
Build Info:
  Official https://julialang.org release
Platform Info:
  OS: Linux (x86_64-linux-gnu)
  CPU: 4 × AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor
  WORD_SIZE: 64
  LLVM: libLLVM-18.1.7 (ORCJIT, znver3)
  GC: Built with stock GC
Threads: 1 default, 1 interactive, 1 GC (on 4 virtual cores)
Environment:
  JULIA_PKG_SERVER_REGISTRY_PREFERENCE = eager
Project CTBenchmarks v0.4.1
Status `~/work/CTBenchmarks.jl/CTBenchmarks.jl/Project.toml`
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Info Packages marked with  have new versions available but compatibility constraints restrict them from upgrading. To see why use `status --outdated`
Project CTBenchmarks v0.4.1
Status `~/work/CTBenchmarks.jl/CTBenchmarks.jl/Manifest.toml`
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Info Packages marked with  and  have new versions available. Those with  may be upgradable, but those with  are restricted by compatibility constraints from upgrading. To see why use `status --outdated -m`

📈 Time vs Grid Size (Ubuntu Latest CPU)

🧭 Solution: N = 200 (Ubuntu Latest CPU)

🧭 Solution: N = 500 (Ubuntu Latest CPU)

🧭 Solution: N = 1000 (Ubuntu Latest CPU)

📊 Table of Results (Ubuntu Latest CPU)

Problem: steering

SuccessNModelSolverTime (ms)ItersObjectiveCriterionBest
200adnlpipopt27.86480.554577min
200adnlpmadnlp29.997110.554577min
200exaipopt18.97280.554577min
200examadnlp17.860110.554577min
200jumpipopt22.52580.554577min
200jumpmadnlp25.721110.554577min
SuccessNModelSolverTime (ms)ItersObjectiveCriterionBest
500adnlpipopt75.73380.554572min
500adnlpmadnlp87.776130.554572min
500exaipopt48.71880.554572min
500examadnlp50.713130.554572min
500jumpipopt58.79580.554572min
500jumpmadnlp74.667130.554572min
SuccessNModelSolverTime (ms)ItersObjectiveCriterionBest
1000adnlpipopt187.35280.554571min
1000adnlpmadnlp211.277140.554571min
1000exaipopt108.80580.554571min
1000examadnlp118.447140.554571min
1000jumpipopt157.36480.554571min
1000jumpmadnlp174.865140.554571min
Benchmarks results:

┌─ Problem: steering
│
├──┬ Solver: ipopt, Discretization: trapeze
│  │
│  │  N = 200
│  │  ✓ | jump     | time:  22.525 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545770e-01  (min) | CPU:  11.59 KiB
│  │  ✓ | adnlp    | time:  27.864 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545770e-01  (min) | CPU:   4.89 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time:  18.972 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545770e-01  (min) | CPU: 102.95 KiB
│  │
│  │  N = 500
│  │  ✓ | jump     | time:  58.795 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545719e-01  (min) | CPU:  11.59 KiB
│  │  ✓ | adnlp    | time:  75.733 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545719e-01  (min) | CPU:  12.13 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time:  48.718 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545719e-01  (min) | CPU: 213.33 KiB
│  │
│  │  N = 1000
│  │  ✓ | jump     | time: 157.364 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545711e-01  (min) | CPU:  11.59 KiB
│  │  ✓ | adnlp    | time: 187.352 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545711e-01  (min) | CPU:  24.19 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time: 108.805 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545711e-01  (min) | CPU: 396.70 KiB
│  └─
│
├──┬ Solver: madnlp, Discretization: trapeze
│  │
│  │  N = 200
│  │  ✓ | jump     | time:  25.721 ms | iters: 11    | obj: 5.545770e-01  (min) | CPU:   8.77 MiB
│  │  ✓ | adnlp    | time:  29.997 ms | iters: 11    | obj: 5.545770e-01  (min) | CPU:   8.31 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time:  17.860 ms | iters: 11    | obj: 5.545770e-01  (min) | CPU:   2.35 MiB
│  │
│  │  N = 500
│  │  ✓ | jump     | time:  74.667 ms | iters: 13    | obj: 5.545719e-01  (min) | CPU:  22.17 MiB
│  │  ✓ | adnlp    | time:  87.776 ms | iters: 13    | obj: 5.545719e-01  (min) | CPU:  23.19 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time:  50.713 ms | iters: 13    | obj: 5.545719e-01  (min) | CPU:   5.89 MiB
│  │
│  │  N = 1000
│  │  ✓ | jump     | time: 174.865 ms | iters: 14    | obj: 5.545711e-01  (min) | CPU:  45.15 MiB
│  │  ✓ | adnlp    | time: 211.277 ms | iters: 14    | obj: 5.545711e-01  (min) | CPU:  48.89 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time: 118.447 ms | iters: 14    | obj: 5.545711e-01  (min) | CPU:  11.87 MiB
│  └─
└─

KKT CPU

Results on self-hosted KKT hardware.

⚙️ Configuration

  • Problems: balanced_field, beam, brachistochrone, bryson_denham, chain, dielectrophoretic_particle, double_oscillator, ducted_fan, electric_vehicle, glider, insurance, jackson, mountain_car, robbins, robot, rocket, space_shuttle, steering, vanderpol

  • Solvers: ipopt, madnlp

  • Models: adnlp, exa, jump

  • Grid sizes: 200, 500, 1000, 2000 discretization points

  • Discretization: trapeze method

  • Tolerance: 1.0e-8

  • Ipopt strategy: adaptive barrier parameter

  • Limits: 1000 iterations max, 500.0s wall time

🖥️ Environment

📅 Timestamp     : 2026-03-11 01:25:20 UTC
🔧 Julia version : 1.12.4
💻 OS            : Linux
🖥️ Machine       : kkt.mcs.anl.gov

You can download the exact environment used for this benchmark:

These files allow you to reproduce the benchmark environment and results exactly.

Julia Version 1.12.4
Commit 01a2eadb047 (2026-01-06 16:56 UTC)
Build Info:
  Official https://julialang.org release
Platform Info:
  OS: Linux (x86_64-linux-gnu)
  CPU: 192 × INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8568Y+
  WORD_SIZE: 64
  LLVM: libLLVM-18.1.7 (ORCJIT, sapphirerapids)
  GC: Built with stock GC
Threads: 1 default, 1 interactive, 1 GC (on 192 virtual cores)
Environment:
  JULIA_CUDSS_LIBRARY_PATH = /software/libcudss/libcudss-linux-x86_64-0.7.1.4_cuda13-archive/lib
  JULIA_LOAD_PATH = @:@v#.#:@stdlib:/software/julia/environments/v1.12
  JULIA_PKG_SERVER_REGISTRY_PREFERENCE = eager
  JULIA_DEPOT_PATH = /storage/mschanen/github-actions/julia_depot
  LD_LIBRARY_PATH = /software/julia/julia_binaries/julia-1.12/lib:/software/mpich-ofi/lib:/software/libcudss/libcudss-linux-x86_64-0.7.1.4_cuda13-archive/lib:/usr/local/cuda/lib
Project CTBenchmarks v0.3.1
Status `/storage/mschanen/github-actions/actions_runner_ct/_work/CTBenchmarks.jl/CTBenchmarks.jl/Project.toml`
  [6e4b80f9] BenchmarkTools v1.6.3
 [54762871] CTBase v0.16.2
  [052768ef] CUDA v5.10.1
  [a93c6f00] DataFrames v1.8.1
  [ffbed154] DocStringExtensions v0.9.5
  [b6b21f68] Ipopt v1.14.1
  [682c06a0] JSON v1.4.0
  [4076af6c] JuMP v1.30.0
 [d72a61cc] MadNLPGPU v0.7.18
  [3b83494e] MadNLPMumps v0.5.1
  [f4238b75] NLPModelsIpopt v0.11.2
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  [59046045] OptimalControlProblems v0.5.0
  [91a5bcdd] Plots v1.41.6
  [10745b16] Statistics v1.11.1
  [bd369af6] Tables v1.12.1
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  [44cfe95a] Pkg v1.12.1
  [de0858da] Printf v1.11.0
  [6462fe0b] Sockets v1.11.0
Info Packages marked with  have new versions available but compatibility constraints restrict them from upgrading. To see why use `status --outdated`
Project CTBenchmarks v0.3.1
Status `/storage/mschanen/github-actions/actions_runner_ct/_work/CTBenchmarks.jl/CTBenchmarks.jl/Manifest.toml`
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Info Packages marked with  and  have new versions available. Those with  may be upgradable, but those with  are restricted by compatibility constraints from upgrading. To see why use `status --outdated -m`

📈 Time vs Grid Size (KKT CPU)

🧭 Solution: N = 200 (KKT CPU)

🧭 Solution: N = 500 (KKT CPU)

🧭 Solution: N = 1000 (KKT CPU)

🧭 Solution: N = 2000 (KKT CPU)

📊 Table of Results (KKT CPU)

Problem: steering

SuccessNModelSolverTime (ms)ItersObjectiveCriterionBest
200adnlpipopt19.20880.554577min
200adnlpmadnlp20.788110.554577min
200exaipopt11.66480.554577min
200examadnlp10.987110.554577min
200jumpipopt15.23780.554577min
200jumpmadnlp18.066110.554577min
SuccessNModelSolverTime (ms)ItersObjectiveCriterionBest
500adnlpipopt46.35580.554572min
500adnlpmadnlp59.853130.554572min
500exaipopt29.99580.554572min
500examadnlp32.416130.554572min
500jumpipopt36.91880.554572min
500jumpmadnlp51.568130.554572min
SuccessNModelSolverTime (ms)ItersObjectiveCriterionBest
1000adnlpipopt103.75880.554571min
1000adnlpmadnlpN/AN/AN/AN/A
1000exaipopt69.88480.554571min
1000examadnlp75.135140.554571min
1000jumpipopt83.41980.554571min
1000jumpmadnlp113.552140.554571min
SuccessNModelSolverTime (ms)ItersObjectiveCriterionBest
2000adnlpipopt223.08280.554571min
2000adnlpmadnlp312.391140.554571min
2000exaipopt173.77980.554571min
2000examadnlp212.689140.554571min
2000jumpipopt180.22580.554571min
2000jumpmadnlp275.347140.554571min
Benchmarks results:

┌─ Problem: steering
│
├──┬ Solver: ipopt, Discretization: trapeze
│  │
│  │  N = 200
│  │  ✓ | jump     | time:  15.237 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545770e-01  (min) | CPU:  11.59 KiB
│  │  ✓ | adnlp    | time:  19.208 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545770e-01  (min) | CPU:   4.89 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time:  11.664 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545770e-01  (min) | CPU: 102.95 KiB
│  │
│  │  N = 500
│  │  ✓ | jump     | time:  36.918 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545719e-01  (min) | CPU:  11.59 KiB
│  │  ✓ | adnlp    | time:  46.355 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545719e-01  (min) | CPU:  12.13 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time:  29.995 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545719e-01  (min) | CPU: 213.33 KiB
│  │
│  │  N = 1000
│  │  ✓ | jump     | time:  83.419 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545711e-01  (min) | CPU:  11.59 KiB
│  │  ✓ | adnlp    | time: 103.758 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545711e-01  (min) | CPU:  24.19 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time:  69.884 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545711e-01  (min) | CPU: 396.70 KiB
│  │
│  │  N = 2000
│  │  ✓ | jump     | time: 180.225 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545709e-01  (min) | CPU:  11.59 KiB
│  │  ✓ | adnlp    | time: 223.082 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545709e-01  (min) | CPU:  48.33 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time: 173.779 ms | iters: 8     | obj: 5.545709e-01  (min) | CPU: 763.89 KiB
│  └─
│
├──┬ Solver: madnlp, Discretization: trapeze
│  │
│  │  N = 200
│  │  ✓ | jump     | time:  18.066 ms | iters: 11    | obj: 5.545770e-01  (min) | CPU:   8.77 MiB
│  │  ✓ | adnlp    | time:  20.788 ms | iters: 11    | obj: 5.545770e-01  (min) | CPU:   8.31 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time:  10.987 ms | iters: 11    | obj: 5.545770e-01  (min) | CPU:   2.35 MiB
│  │
│  │  N = 500
│  │  ✓ | jump     | time:  51.568 ms | iters: 13    | obj: 5.545719e-01  (min) | CPU:  22.17 MiB
│  │  ✓ | adnlp    | time:  59.853 ms | iters: 13    | obj: 5.545719e-01  (min) | CPU:  23.19 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time:  32.416 ms | iters: 13    | obj: 5.545719e-01  (min) | CPU:   5.89 MiB
│  │
│  │  N = 1000
│  │  ✓ | jump     | time: 113.552 ms | iters: 14    | obj: 5.545711e-01  (min) | CPU:  45.15 MiB
│  │  ✗ | adnlp   : ERROR: DomainError(-Inf, "sincos(x) is only defined for finite x.")
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time:  75.135 ms | iters: 14    | obj: 5.545711e-01  (min) | CPU:  11.87 MiB
│  │
│  │  N = 2000
│  │  ✓ | jump     | time: 275.347 ms | iters: 14    | obj: 5.545709e-01  (min) | CPU:  90.96 MiB
│  │  ✓ | adnlp    | time: 312.391 ms | iters: 14    | obj: 5.545709e-01  (min) | CPU:  97.52 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time: 212.689 ms | iters: 14    | obj: 5.545709e-01  (min) | CPU:  23.54 MiB
│  └─
└─

KKT GPU

Results on self-hosted KKT hardware.

⚙️ Configuration

  • Problems: balanced_field, beam, brachistochrone, bryson_denham, chain, dielectrophoretic_particle, double_oscillator, ducted_fan, electric_vehicle, glider, insurance, jackson, mountain_car, robbins, robot, rocket, space_shuttle, steering, vanderpol

  • Solvers: madnlp

  • Models: exa, exa_gpu

  • Grid sizes: 1000, 5000, 10000, 20000 discretization points

  • Discretization: midpoint method

  • Tolerance: 1.0e-8

  • Ipopt strategy: adaptive barrier parameter

  • Limits: 1000 iterations max, 2000.0s wall time

🖥️ Environment

📅 Timestamp     : 2026-03-10 19:50:42 UTC
🔧 Julia version : 1.12.4
💻 OS            : Linux
🖥️ Machine       : kkt.mcs.anl.gov

You can download the exact environment used for this benchmark:

These files allow you to reproduce the benchmark environment and results exactly.

Julia Version 1.12.4
Commit 01a2eadb047 (2026-01-06 16:56 UTC)
Build Info:
  Official https://julialang.org release
Platform Info:
  OS: Linux (x86_64-linux-gnu)
  CPU: 192 × INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8568Y+
  WORD_SIZE: 64
  LLVM: libLLVM-18.1.7 (ORCJIT, sapphirerapids)
  GC: Built with stock GC
Threads: 1 default, 1 interactive, 1 GC (on 192 virtual cores)
Environment:
  JULIA_CUDSS_LIBRARY_PATH = /software/libcudss/libcudss-linux-x86_64-0.7.1.4_cuda13-archive/lib
  JULIA_LOAD_PATH = @:@v#.#:@stdlib:/software/julia/environments/v1.12
  JULIA_PKG_SERVER_REGISTRY_PREFERENCE = eager
  JULIA_DEPOT_PATH = /storage/mschanen/github-actions/julia_depot
  LD_LIBRARY_PATH = /software/julia/julia_binaries/julia-1.12/lib:/software/mpich-ofi/lib:/software/libcudss/libcudss-linux-x86_64-0.7.1.4_cuda13-archive/lib:/usr/local/cuda/lib
Project CTBenchmarks v0.3.1
Status `/storage/mschanen/github-actions/actions_runner_ct/_work/CTBenchmarks.jl/CTBenchmarks.jl/Project.toml`
  [6e4b80f9] BenchmarkTools v1.6.3
 [54762871] CTBase v0.16.2
  [052768ef] CUDA v5.10.1
  [a93c6f00] DataFrames v1.8.1
  [ffbed154] DocStringExtensions v0.9.5
  [b6b21f68] Ipopt v1.14.1
  [682c06a0] JSON v1.4.0
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  [3b83494e] MadNLPMumps v0.5.1
  [f4238b75] NLPModelsIpopt v0.11.2
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  [59046045] OptimalControlProblems v0.5.0
  [91a5bcdd] Plots v1.41.6
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  [bd369af6] Tables v1.12.1
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  [44cfe95a] Pkg v1.12.1
  [de0858da] Printf v1.11.0
  [6462fe0b] Sockets v1.11.0
Info Packages marked with  have new versions available but compatibility constraints restrict them from upgrading. To see why use `status --outdated`
Project CTBenchmarks v0.3.1
Status `/storage/mschanen/github-actions/actions_runner_ct/_work/CTBenchmarks.jl/CTBenchmarks.jl/Manifest.toml`
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Info Packages marked with  and  have new versions available. Those with  may be upgradable, but those with  are restricted by compatibility constraints from upgrading. To see why use `status --outdated -m`

📈 Time vs Grid Size (KKT GPU)

🧭 Solution: N = 1000 (KKT GPU)

🧭 Solution: N = 5000 (KKT GPU)

🧭 Solution: N = 10000 (KKT GPU)

🧭 Solution: N = 20000 (KKT GPU)

📊 Table of Results (KKT GPU)

Problem: steering

SuccessNModelSolverTime (ms)ItersObjectiveCriterionBest
1000examadnlp74.469140.554571min
1000exa_gpumadnlp177.044120.554571min
SuccessNModelSolverTime (ms)ItersObjectiveCriterionBest
5000examadnlp540.844140.554571min
5000exa_gpumadnlp641.387130.554571min
SuccessNModelSolverTime (ms)ItersObjectiveCriterionBest
10000examadnlp1191.080150.554571min
10000exa_gpumadnlp1162.271120.554570min
SuccessNModelSolverTime (ms)ItersObjectiveCriterionBest
20000examadnlp2565.536150.554571min
20000exa_gpumadnlp2984.257180.554569min
Benchmarks results:

┌─ Problem: steering
│
├──┬ Solver: madnlp, Discretization: midpoint
│  │
│  │  N = 1000
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time:  74.469 ms | iters: 14    | obj: 5.545709e-01  (min) | CPU:  11.05 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa_gpu  | time: 177.044 ms | iters: 12    | obj: 5.545709e-01  (min) | CPU:  6.900 MiB | GPU: 23.773 MiB
│  │
│  │  N = 5000
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time: 540.844 ms | iters: 14    | obj: 5.545709e-01  (min) | CPU:  54.40 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa_gpu  | time: 641.387 ms | iters: 13    | obj: 5.545705e-01  (min) | CPU: 11.460 MiB | GPU: 119.405 MiB
│  │
│  │  N = 10000
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time:   1.191 s  | iters: 15    | obj: 5.545709e-01  (min) | CPU: 111.43 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa_gpu  | time:   1.162 s  | iters: 12    | obj: 5.545701e-01  (min) | CPU: 17.647 MiB | GPU: 237.464 MiB
│  │
│  │  N = 20000
│  │  ✓ | exa      | time:   2.566 s  | iters: 15    | obj: 5.545709e-01  (min) | CPU: 222.64 MiB
│  │  ✓ | exa_gpu  | time:   2.984 s  | iters: 18    | obj: 5.545694e-01  (min) | CPU: 31.771 MiB | GPU: 490.552 MiB
│  └─
└─